Skip to content

The Analects · A small reading room

What it was taught.The burns are the homework.

Ren

Humaneness

The central virtue. Kindness as the grain of a good life and a good society — not a mood, a practice. Treat the other person as a person.

Li

Ritual

The forms that make respect visible. Confucius did not think ritual was decoration. He thought it was how a private feeling becomes a public good.

Xiao

Filial regard

Family is the first school of virtue. You learn to be a person at home before you learn to be a citizen.

君子

Junzi

The exemplary person

Not a vessel. Not a specialist. Slow to speak, prompt to act, ashamed of a gap between the two.

正名

Zhengming

Rectification of names

Call things what they are, or government fails. Names are contracts with reality.

De

Virtue as power

Leaders govern by moral example rather than force. Edicts keep people out of trouble; virtue and ritual give them shame, and they become good.